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BerichtGeplaatst: 16-08-2018 06:59:02    Onderwerp: mportant cause Reageren met citaat
Introduction

One of the most direct ways in which economic changes affect business is the impact of changing incomes on expenditure. Most people’s income consist in the main of the wage or salary they receive in return for their work. When wages fall or employees lose their jobs this leads to a fall in income. Common sense tells us that the knock-on-effect will be a reduction in consumer spending (although initially people will try to maintain their existing standard of living and hence their spending levels)

What is consumer spending?

Consumer spending means consumers are people who spend money on consumer goods and services such as visits to clubs and the cinema (service expenditure) and on food Kids Niklas Hjalmarsson Jersey , clothing and household goods (expenditure on physical goods)

How does consumer spending effect economics?

When the government buys a product or goods from a company, that purchase has repercussions. The immediate impact of the higher demand from the government is to raise employment and profits at that company. Then, as the workers see higher earning s and the firm owners see higher profits, they respond to this increase in income by raising their own spending on consumer goods. As a result, the government purchase from the company, raises the demand for the products of many other firms in the economy. Because each proud spent by the government can raise the aggregate demand for goods and services by more than a pound, government purchases are said to have a multiplier effect on aggregate demand.

This multiplier effect continues when the consumer spending rises, the firms that produce these consumer goods hire more people and experience higher profits. Higher earnings and profits stimulate consumer spending once again, and so on. Thus, there is positive feedback as higher demand leads to higher income, which in turn leads to even higher demand. Once all these effects are added together, the total impact on the quantity of goods and services demanded can be much larger than the initial impulse from higher government spending. The multiplier is an important concept in macroeconomics because it shows how the economy can amplify the impact of changes in spending. A small initial change in consumption, investment, government purchases, or net exports can end up having a large effect on aggregate demand and, therefore, the economy’s production of goods and services.

Conclusion

Government spending has both direct and indirect effects on national income. The direct effect is the amount of government spending, which occurs as income to some people. This indirect effects occur through the additional consumer spending the government stimulates. The indirect effects are called multiplier effects. The government multiplier measures the total change in all spending resulting from a change in direct government spending.

BAGHDAD, March 5 (Xinhua) -- At least eight members of Iraqi security forces were killed in attacks in and around the capital Baghdad on Wednesday, police said.


Three members of the Iraqi Federal Police were killed when unidentified gunmen attacked their checkpoint in district of Dora in southern Baghdad, a police source told Xinhua on condition of anonymity.


In a similar attack, two Iraqi army soldiers were killed and one was injured when they were shot by unidentified gunmen at their checkpoint in Baghdad's northern district of Adhamiya, the police source said.


One policeman was killed and three civilians were wounded in a shooting attack by unknown gunmen at a checkpoint in the neighborhood of Cairo in northern Baghdad, he added.


In Tarmiyah area, some 30 km north of Baghdad, two Iraqi army soldiers were killed and two others wounded when a roadside bomb targeted their patrol, the source said.


The latest attacks on Iraqi security forces came after up to 26 people were killed and 87 others wounded earlier in the day in violent attacks across the country, including a series of deadly car bombings in Baghdad.


No group has so far claimed responsibility for the attacks, but the al-Qaida front in Iraq, in most cases, were allegedly responsible for such massive attacks in the country, raising fears that the terrorist group and other militia could return to widespread violence.


Iraq is witnessing its worst violence in recent years. According to the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq, a total of 8,868 Iraqis, including 7,818 civilians and police personnel, were killed in 2013, the highest annual death toll in years.



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